Soil compaction can affect plant growth by ______.

Soil compaction significantly impacts plant growth primarily by decreasing nutrient availability. When soil is compacted, the soil particles are pressed closer together, which reduces the porosity of the soil. This results in a diminished ability for air and water to permeate through the soil. Consequently, roots may struggle to access essential nutrients that are vital for plant health and development. Additionally, compacted soil can hinder the movement of nutrients in the soil solution, rendering them less accessible to plant roots. Thus, the negative effects of compaction on nutrient availability can lead to stunted growth and poor crop yields, making it a critical factor to consider in crop management practices.